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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0644\u0647. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0637\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn3\" id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 [\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646]&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1845\/condition-working-class\/ch13.htm\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/a>\u060c &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1844\/08\/07.htm\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628<\/a>: &#8220;\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1834\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632: &#8220;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c [&#8230;] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. [&#8230;] \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061f&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 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\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/wikirouge.net\/texts\/en\/Letter_to_Ludwig_Kugelmann,_June_27,_1870\">\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;[\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646]\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" id=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>&#8220;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a Grundrisse\u060c &#8220;\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 [\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633] \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 [\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646] \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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&#8220;\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c &#8220;\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 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id=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 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wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn15\" id=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 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<strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u061f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 [\u2026] \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 <strong>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn16\" id=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647: &#8220;\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn17\" id=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 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\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.actionagainsthunger.org\/the-hunger-crisis\/world-hunger-facts\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639<\/a>&#8220;\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 10% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 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id=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 &#8220;\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0650\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn19\" id=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u0641\u0631\u0636 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\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1863\/theories-surplus-value\/ch19.htm\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0647 &#8216;\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627'&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a [\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633] \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn20\" id=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u061b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0634\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0643\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2422\" height=\"1161\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Walter_Dendy_Sadler_-_Friday_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8333\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn21\" id=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648: \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 &#8220;\u062f\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0639). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/ch01.htm#007\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn22\" id=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 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loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2158\" height=\"1593\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/old_and_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8334\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 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\u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Population_Bomb\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>&#8220;\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633: \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/children-per-woman-UN?tab=chart&amp;time=1950..latest&amp;country=OWID_WRL~More+developed+regions~Europe+%28UN%29\">\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629- \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/international\/2022\/11\/11\/the-worlds-population-has-reached-8bn-dont-panic\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/world-population-growth\">\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 10.4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2083<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/life-expectancy-at-birth-including-the-un-projections?time=1950..2099&amp;country=OWID_WRL~Europe+%28UN%29~More+developed+regions\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f<\/a> \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/age-dependency-ratio-projected-to-2100\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/a> &#8220;\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 15 \u064864 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629&#8221;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221;. \u0648&#8221;\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0647&#8221;<a id=\"_ftnref24\" href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 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href=\"research%20has%20become%20less%20\u2018disruptive\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627&#8221;<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2013\/01\/12\/has-the-ideas-machine-broken-down\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u062f\u062a<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 -\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0645- \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <strong>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn26\" id=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062b<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">10 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a id=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> T Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Penguin Books, 1985, pg 72<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> T Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pg 249, \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> F Engels, The condition of the working class in England, Oxford University Press, 1993, pg 289<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> R L Meek (ed.), Marx and Engels on Malthus, Laurence and Wishart, 1953, pg 67, \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u201cOutlines of a Critique of Political Economy\u201d in Collected Works, Vol. 3, Laurence and Wishart, 1975, pg 440<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u201cDialectics of Nature\u201d in Collected Works, Vol. 25, Laurence and Wishart, 1987, pg 584<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> R L Meek (ed.), Marx and Engels on Malthus, Laurence and Wishart, 1953, pg 174<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> K Marx, Grundrisse, Penguin Books, 1973, pg 606<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> K Marx, Capital, Vol 1, Bahribook, 2017, pg 876<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" id=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" id=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> ibid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" id=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> R L Meek (ed.), Marx and Engels on Malthus, Laurence and Wishart, 1953, pg 81<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" id=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> K Marx, Capital, Vol 1, Bahribook, 2017, pg 876<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" id=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> R L Meek (ed.), <em>Marx and Engels on Malthus<\/em>, Laurence and Wishart, 1953, pg 82, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" id=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u201cOutlines of a Critique of Political Economy\u201d in <em>Collected Works<\/em>, Vol. 3, Laurence and Wishart, 1975, pg 438<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" id=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> R L Meek (ed.), <em>Marx and Engels on Malthus<\/em>, Laurence and Wishart, 1953, pg 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" id=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> <em>ibid. <\/em>pg 118<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" id=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> K Marx, <em>Theories of Surplus Value<\/em>, Vol. 3, Laurence and Wishart, 1972, pg 22 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" id=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> <em>ibid.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" id=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u201cThe Communist Manifesto\u201d in <em>The Classics of Marxism<\/em>, Vol. 1, Wellred Books, 2013, pg 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" id=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> K Marx, <em>Theories of Surplus Value<\/em>, Vol. 3, Laurence and Wishart, 1972, pg 57<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" id=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> G Magnus, <em>The Age of Aging<\/em>, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, pg xix-xx<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" id=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Elderly populations mean more government spending\u201d, <em>The Economist<\/em>, 5 October 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a id=\"_ftn26\" href=\"#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u201cDialectics of Nature\u201d in Collected Works, Vol. 25, Laurence and Wishart, 1987, pg 584<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/marx-versus-malthus-overpopulation-or-senile-system.htm\">Marx vs Malthus<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":8329,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,398],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-157","category-398"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8328"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8338,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8328\/revisions\/8338"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8329"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}