{"id":6669,"date":"2022-04-21T11:47:29","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T11:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=6669"},"modified":"2023-07-26T02:21:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T02:21:32","slug":"%d8%ac%d8%b0%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=6669","title":{"rendered":"\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\"\"<\/a>

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 2,6 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\/ \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 <\/font> <\/span><\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a (Paleolithic) -\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645- (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u201d\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u201c)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a (Neolithic) -\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b- (\u201d\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u201c)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>

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\"\"<\/a>

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\"\"<\/a>

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u062c\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1: K Marx, \u201cThe Poverty of Philosophy\u201d, Marx & Engels Collected Works (MECW)<\/em>, Lawrence & Wishart, p. 192<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, (Penguin Classics, 1990) pg 133<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3: F Engels, \u201cKarl Marx\u2019s Funeral\u201d, MECW<\/em>, (Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 467<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 286.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 286.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6: Aristotle, \u201cMetaphysics\u201d, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 17<\/em> (Harvard University Press, 1989), section 981b http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0086,025:1:981b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7: R Leakey, The Making of Mankind<\/em>, (BCA, 1981) pg 107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8: S Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, (Phoenix, 2004) pg 323.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, (Wellred Books, 2020) pg 29.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10: L\u2019oppression des femmes, hier et aujourd\u2019hui: pour en finir demain!<\/em>, June 2010, pg 31
http:\/\/cdarmangeat.blogspot.com\/2016\/11\/une-nouvelle-version-de-ma-brochure-sur.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

11: M Lombard & K Kyriacou, \u201cHunter-gatherer women\u201d, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology<\/em>, published online 28 September 2020
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190854584.013.105<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12: Haas et al, \u201cFemale Hunters of the Early Americas\u201d, Science Advances<\/em> 6, no. 45 (1 November 2020): eabd0310.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd0310<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13: I Habib, People\u2019s History of India, vol. 1<\/em> (Tulika, 2015), pg 66<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14: P Draper, Institutional, Evolutionary, and Demographic Contexts of Gender Roles: A Case Study of !Kung Bushmen<\/em> (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Anthropology Faculty Publications, May 1997): https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/anthropologyfacpub\/4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

15: ibid<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16: M Lombard & K Kyriacou, \u201cHunter-gatherer women\u201d, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology<\/em>, published online 28 September 2020
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190854584.013.105<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

17: C Knight, Did communism make us human?<\/em>
https:\/\/brooklynrail.org\/2021\/06\/field-notes\/Did-communism-make-us-human<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

18: A Moller, The changing women\u2019s rights of Africa\u2019s San people <\/em>
https:\/\/www.unearthwomen.com\/2019\/08\/13\/the-changing-womens-rights-of-africas-san-people\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19: Habib, People\u2019s History of India, vol. 1<\/em> (Tulika, 2015), pg 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em>, (Wellred Books, 2020), Preface to the First Edition, pg XXVIII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21: Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, pg 139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22: ibid.<\/em>, pg 391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23: ibid.<\/em>, pg 136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24: ibid.<\/em>, pg 140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25: G Willcox and D Stordeur, \u201cLarge-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth millennium cal BC in northern Syria\u201d, Antiquity<\/em>, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 86(331), pp. 99\u2013114. doi: 10.1017\/S0003598X00062487.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26: N Milner, Star Carr Volume 1<\/em>, (White Rose University Press, 2018)
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22599\/book1.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

27: Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, pg 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28: S Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, pg 37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29: G Hillman, et al.,\u201cNew evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates\u201d, The Holocene<\/em>, 11(4), (May 2001) pgs 383\u2013393. doi: 10.1191\/095968301678302823.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30: A Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol 1.<\/em> (University of California Press 1981) pg 156.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31: C Mann, \u201cThe Birth of Religion\u201d, National Geographic, <\/em>June 2011 https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2011\/06\/gobeki-tepe\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

32: Engels, \u201cLudwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy\u201d, MECW<\/em>, Vol. 26, pg 289.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33: L Clare, A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015\u20132019)<\/em>
https:\/\/lens.idai.world\/?url=\/repository\/eDAI-F_2020-2\/eDAI-F_Clare.xml#citations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

34: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-01681-w<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

35: Marx, \u201cPreface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy\u201d, MECW<\/em>, Vol. 29, pg 263.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 492.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37: Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, (Routledge 2014), pg 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38: S Brace et al, \u201cAncient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain\u201d, Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 3<\/em>, (2019), pgs 765\u2013771
https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-019-0871-9?proof=t<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

39: Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, pg 60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40: T Molleson, “The Eloquent Bones of Abu Hureyra”, Scientific American 271, no. 2<\/em> (1994): 70-75. Accessed November 23, 2020.
http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24942804.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

41: C Hansen et al, Modern Gender Roles and Agricultural History: The Neolithic Inheritance<\/em> (November 4, 2012), pg 5
http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2170945<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

42: T Belkin et al., Woman the Toolmaker: Hideworking and Stone Tool Use In Konso, Ethiopia<\/em>, (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press, 2006)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43: P Cockshott, How the World Works: The Story of Human Labor from Prehistory to the Modern Day<\/em>, (Monthly Review Press 2020), pg 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

44: A Henshall, \u201cThe Chambered Cairns\u201d, The Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000\u20131000 AD,<\/em> (Edinburgh University Press, 1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em>, (Wellred Books, 2020), pg 78<\/p>\n\n\n\n

46: Marx, \u201cPreface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy\u201d, MECW<\/em>, Vol. 29, pg 263<\/p>\n\n\n\n

47: B Arnaud, \u201cFirst Farmers\u201d, Archaeology Magazine<\/em> Volume 53 Number 6, November\/December 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

48: Mithen, After the Ice<\/em>, pg 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

49: ibid., <\/em>pg434<\/p>\n\n\n\n

50: M Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

51: ibid.<\/em>, pg 52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 448.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

53: H Peoples, P Duda & F Marlowe, \u201cHunter-Gatherers and the Origins of Religion\u201d, Human Nature <\/em>2016; 27: 261\u2013282, Published online 2016 May 6. doi: 10.1007\/s12110-016-9260-0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

54: M Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55: M Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n

56: M Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

57: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 472.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

58: ibid.<\/em>, pg 69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59: ibid.<\/em>, pg 72<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60: ibid.,<\/em> pg 101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

61: J Scott, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States<\/em>, (Yale University Press, 2017), pg 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

62: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em>, (Wellred Books, 2020), pg 37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

63: http:\/\/www.ancienttexts.org\/library\/mesopotamian\/gilgamesh\/tab1.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

64: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em>, pg 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

65: L Trotsky, \u201cThe USSR in War\u201d, In Defence of Marxism <\/em>(Wellred, 2020), pg 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

66: W Hallo & W Simpson: The Ancient Near East<\/em> (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1971) pgs 25-26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

67: https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/1074\/the-satire-of-the-trades\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

68: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 188<\/p>\n\n\n\n

69: Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

70: http:\/\/www.ancienttexts.org\/library\/mesopotamian\/gilgamesh\/tab2.htm.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

71: Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 88<\/p>\n\n\n\n

72: ibid.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

73: Liverani, The Ancient Near East, pg 89.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

74: ibid., pg 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

75: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em>, (Wellred Books, 2020), pg 155.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

76: Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years<\/em>, (Melville House, 2014), pg 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

77: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 916.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

78: V G Childe, \u201cThe Urban Revolution\u201d, The Town Planning Review<\/em> (Liverpool University Press, 1950) 21 (1): 3\u201317<\/p>\n\n\n\n

79: Marx, Capital vol. 1<\/em>, pg 876.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

80: Marx, \u201cThe Holy Family\u201d, MECW<\/em>, Vol. 4, pg 93<\/p>\n\n\n\n

81: https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/plekhanov\/1898\/xx\/individual.html.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

82: J Scott, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States <\/em>(Yale University, 2017), pg 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

83: Liverani, The Ancient Near East<\/em>, pg 572.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

84: Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State<\/em> (Wellred Books, 2020), pg 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

85: ibid.<\/em>, pg 159.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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