{"id":3031,"date":"2019-12-05T16:01:44","date_gmt":"2019-12-05T16:01:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=3031"},"modified":"2024-10-30T16:26:48","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T16:26:48","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=3031","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a: \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\" class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 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href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Leo_Trotzki_1900_in_Sibirien.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 ( <em>hommes de lettres<\/em><em>)<\/em>\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0645\n\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u201d.<a name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\n\u062c. \u0623. \u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0641 (1900- 1851)\u060c\n\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0647\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 (Iz\nEpokha velikikh Reform). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<a name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\n\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0641\n(1900- 1858). \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\n\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\n\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a (1900- 1826)<a name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>\n\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1848. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\n\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1862 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1868 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 Demokratische Volksblatt \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 1869 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649\nVolksblatt.\n\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1878. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1890 \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 1874 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0634\u062a\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647.\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>\n\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633. \u0643. \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a (1842-1904)\u060c \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\n\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 Otietchestvennye Zapiski (\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 Chto tako\u00efe Progress (\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u061f)\u060c \u0648Gueroi i Tolpa\n(\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0648Teoria Darvin obchtchestvennaia Nauka i\n(\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639). \u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1892\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 Russkoye Bogatstvo (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\n\u0641\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>\n\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a (\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648): \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\n1756. \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1855 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1860 \u0648\u0645\u0646 1863 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1887\u060c. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\n\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\n\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u200b\u200b\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d.\n-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>\n\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0629\u060c\n\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629\n\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1905\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\n\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646. -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> <a name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0633 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645): \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1883 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Berliner Volksblatt. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1890\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0623\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1878 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>\n\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629): \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\n\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1880. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 1891 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a Oti\u00e9tchestvennye\nZapiski (\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646). \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\n\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1916 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 Russky\nZapiski (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631.\n-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>\n\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 (1849-1888): \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a. -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>\n\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629.\n-\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>\n\u0623\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0644 (1844-1924)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c\n\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: Der\nKritizismus Philosophy\n(\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a). -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>\n\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>\n&#8220;\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645. \u0623. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u060c\n1887\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0635. 318. -\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>\n\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a &#8220;O romane voobchtch\u00e9 i o romane Tro\u00ef\u00e9\nv tchastnosti&#8221; [\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\n\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>\n\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\n&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621&#8221;. \u0641\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\n\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a) \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\n\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 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(\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>\n\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643\n&#8220;Raubritter&#8221; [\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641] \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646: \u201cist keine Rauben Schanda, die\ndas tun besten im Lande\u201d\n(&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 [\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a] \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u064d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646&#8221;). \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648\n&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221;\u061f -\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>\n\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0648 (1849-1923)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\n\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (1885)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 (1892-1893) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1883). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\n\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649\n\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\n\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. (\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>\n[\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 (Parnassian) \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a\n\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 Le Parnasse \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1866 \u0648 1876 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646&#8221;. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628)]\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>\n[\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 Aesthete \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\n\u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628)]\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>\n[Ibsen \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u0646\u060c 1928- 1906\u060c\n\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628)].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>\n\u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 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(\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a>\n\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\n\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 1887 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1891 \u0648\u0645\u0646 1893 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1896. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\n\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. -\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>\n\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\n\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221; 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(\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\n\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a> : \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0648 (1863-1938) \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\n\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646\n\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0647\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><a name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a>\n\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0641\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641\u060c (1866-1905). \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\n1870-1890.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/trotsky\/1900\/12\/nietzsche.htm\">On\nthe Philosophy of the Superman<\/a><br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221;[1] \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: 284\u060c 286\u060c 287\u060c 289\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 22\u060c 24\u060c 25\u060c 30 \u062f\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0631 1900. \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642 &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a&#8221;. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 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&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":3040,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[399],"tags":[93],"class_list":["post-3031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-399","tag-93"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3031"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6171,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3031\/revisions\/6171"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}