{"id":11294,"date":"2026-11-05T15:00:40","date_gmt":"2026-11-05T15:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=11294"},"modified":"2026-11-05T15:00:43","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T15:00:43","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=11294","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 51 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?cat=413\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627<\/a>]\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-red-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-vivid-red-background-color has-background is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/collage_2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 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rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:618px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);\"><div style=\"padding:16px;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DP0_nT_DINW\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;\" target=\"_blank\"> <div style=\" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\"> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;\"><svg width=\"50px\" height=\"50px\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\"><g stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><g transform=\"translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)\" fill=\"#000000\"><g><path d=\"M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg><\/div><div style=\"padding-top: 8px;\"> <div style=\" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\">View this post on Instagram<\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\"><div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: 8px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: auto;\"> <div style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"><\/div><\/div><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/blockquote><script async src=\"\/\/platform.instagram.com\/en_US\/embeds.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 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class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0632\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631: &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629!&#8221;\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629!&#8221;\u060c \u0635\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 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\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 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\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 30 \u064840 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 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\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0639\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a (KMT): \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911 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1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 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class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1923 \u06481926\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 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src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s-1024x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11297\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5975184557986772;width:323px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s-1024x641.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s-768x481.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s-1536x962.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/hong_kong_1920s.jpg 1970w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 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height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11298\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4992722645620937;width:414px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/chinese_trotskyist_collage-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 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https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Japanese_entering_the_Gate_of_China_cmyk-768x739.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Japanese_entering_the_Gate_of_China_cmyk-1536x1477.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Japanese_entering_the_Gate_of_China_cmyk-2048x1970.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1937 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy-940x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11300\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.9179694461585013;width:392px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy-940x1024.jpg 940w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy-275x300.jpg 275w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy-768x837.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy-1410x1536.jpg 1410w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Mao_Zedong_copy.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 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\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u064a\u063a\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u063a\u062f\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644. \u0628\u0644 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\u0634\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643&#8230; \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn8\" id=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>. (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a. \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 &#8220;\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u062d \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/strong> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn9\" id=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>. (\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0646\u063a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a&#8221; \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/300px-B9523_Chen_Duxiu.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11301\" style=\"width:339px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/300px-B9523_Chen_Duxiu.jpg 454w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/300px-B9523_Chen_Duxiu-206x300.jpg 206w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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id=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u063a \u0634\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1942. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a 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https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PLA_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Siege_of_Changchun-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PLA_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Siege_of_Changchun.jpg 1316w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0648\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0645\u0639 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is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn12\" id=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1948\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 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id=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 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id=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 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https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Ji8_3-1_Sino-Soviet_Friendship_1950_copy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Ji8_3-1_Sino-Soviet_Friendship_1950_copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Ji8_3-1_Sino-Soviet_Friendship_1950_copy-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f&#8221;- \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;&#8230; \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. [&#8230;] \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn21\" id=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 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\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn22\" id=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-red-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-vivid-red-background-color has-background is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/marxist.com\/the-history-of-chinese-trotskyism.htm\"><strong><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">The history of Chinese Trotskyism<\/mark><\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u674e\u5927\u948a\uff0c\u201c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\uff0cNovember 7 1922\uff0cWikisource\uff0chttps:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hans\/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> B Archer (trans.), <em>Second Congress of the Communist International. Minutes of the Proceedings<\/em>, Vol. 1, New Park Publications, 1977, pg 181<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u519c\u6c11\u90e8\u571f\u5730\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a, June 1927, \u6458\u81ea\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u56fd\u5185\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u8fd0\u52a8\u8d44\u6599\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1983\u5e7412\u6708\uff0chttps:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/pdf\/history_of_international\/china\/1.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u201c \u5bf9\u4e8e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u540c\u5fd7\u6001\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8bae\u51b3\u6848\u201d\uff0c<em>12371.cn<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u90d1\u8d85\u9e9f\u81f4\u53cc\u5c71\u4fe1\uff0c\u300a\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u8bc4\u5f6d\u8ff0\u4e4b\u300b\uff0c\u4fe1\u8fbe\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c1984\uff0c\u6458\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5e93\uff0c<em>Marxist Internet Archive<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> L Trotsky, \u2018To the Chinese Left Opposition\u2019, <em>Writings of Leon Trotsky 1930-31<\/em>, Pathfinder Press, 1973, pg 132<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> F Glass, \u2018The Communist League of Chine\u2019, <em>Revolutionary History<\/em>, Vol.2 No.4, 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> L Trotsky, \u2018On the Sino-Japanese War\u2019, <em>Leon Trotsky on China<\/em>, Pathfinder Press, 2022, pg 726<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Chen D,\u2018\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7ed9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4fe1\u2019, 3 November 1939, <em>Marxist Internet Archive<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> G Benton\uff0c\u2019\u5c31\u5510\u5b9d\u6797\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6258\u6d3e\u53f2\u300b\u8bbf\u95ee\u738b\u51e1\u897f\u2019, \u6458\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5e93, 1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" id=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Peng S, \u2018Trotskyism in China\u2019, <em>Revolutionary History<\/em>, Vol.2 No.4, 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" id=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Wang F, \u2018Problems of Chinese Trotskyism\u2019, <em>Revolutionary History<\/em>, Vol.2 No.4, 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" id=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> L Trotsky, \u2018Peasant War in China and the Proletariat\u2019, <em>Writings of Leon Trotsky (1932)<\/em>, Pathfinder Press, 1973, pg 197-198<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" id=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Wang F, \u201c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc\u201d,\u300a\u53cc\u5c71\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300b , 1957\uff0c\u6458\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5e93<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" id=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> &nbsp;Peng S, \u2018The Causes of the Victory of the Chinese Communist Party over Chiang Kai-shek, and the CCP\u2019s Perspectives. Report on the Chinese Situation to the Third World Congress of the Fourth International, August-September 1951\u2019, in G Benton (ed.), <em>Prophets Unarmed: Chinese Trotskyists in Revolution, War, Jail, and the Return from Limbo<\/em>, Haymarket Books, 2017, pg 950<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" id=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> T Grant, \u2018Reply to David James (Spring 1949)\u2019, The Unbroken Thread, Fortress Books, 1989, pg 301<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" id=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> ibid. pg 302<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" id=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u4e2d\u5171\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6211\u515a\u5e95\u4efb\u52a1, 15 September 1951, <em>Marxist Internet Archive<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" id=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u738b\u51e1\u897f\uff0c\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d, <em>Marxist Internet Archive<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" id=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> T Grant, \u2018Stalinist land programme wins peasants. Chiang\u2019s conscripts roped to prevent escape\u2019, <em>Socialist Appeal<\/em>, No. 66, January 1949, pg 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" id=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> L Trotsky, \u2018China and the Russian Revolution\u2019, in G Benton (ed.), <em>Prophets Unarmed: Chinese Trotskyists in Revolution, War, Jail, and the Return from Limbo<\/em>, Haymarket Books, 2017, pg 945<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0627\u0628. 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