{"id":10827,"date":"2026-06-04T15:16:12","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T15:16:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=10827"},"modified":"2026-06-04T15:16:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T15:16:17","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=10827","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 500 \u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1524-1526). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c 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id=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0637\u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u00ab\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0639\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629&nbsp;\u201c\u062d\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u201d (Bundschuh) \u0623\u0648&nbsp;\u201c\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u201d (Poor Conrad)&nbsp;\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647.\u00bb<a href=\"#_edn12\" id=\"_ednref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f 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Haufen<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0640\u0648\u0641\u0646 (\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u201d -\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647- \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644-\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Schwarzer Haufen).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646&nbsp;\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a 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wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u00bb.<a href=\"#_edn15\" id=\"_ednref15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1525\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064e\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0646&nbsp;\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627&nbsp;\u201c\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u201d \u0641\u064a&nbsp;\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629 (Common Bright Haufen)&nbsp;\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1604\" height=\"1283\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/FlugschriftSchappelerMai1525.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10835\" style=\"width:373px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1515 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 &#8220;\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u201d \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 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\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 (plebeian opposition) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1525\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a\u201d (EternalCouncil) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0648 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\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u00bb<a href=\"#_edn19\" id=\"_ednref19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0650\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064e \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a 13 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1524. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 (\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1525\u00bb.<a href=\"#_edn23\" id=\"_ednref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a\u201d \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-red-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-vivid-red-background-color has-background is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" id=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> F Engels, \u2018Notes and fragments from the history of science\u2019, Dialectics of Nature, Wellred Books, 2012, pg196<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\" id=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> F Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1927, pg 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref3\" id=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> F Engels, \u2018Engels to K Kautsky\u2019, Marx Engels Collected Works, Vol. 48, Lawrence and Wishart, 2010, pg 376<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\" id=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; F Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1927, pg 49<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref5\" id=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;F Engels, \u2018Socialism: Utopian and Scientific \u2013 Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892\u2019, Marx Engels Selected Works, Vol. 3, Progress Publishers, 1973, pg 103<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref6\" id=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> F Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1927, pg 52<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref7\" id=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> F Engels, \u2018Lawyers\u2019 Socialism\u2019, Marx Engels Collected Works, Vol. 26, Lawrence &amp; Wishart, 1990, pg 598<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref8\" id=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> Quoted in R H Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther, Abingdon Press, 1995, pg 149<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref9\" id=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a>&nbsp;: F Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1927, pg 50<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref10\" id=\"_edn10\">[10]<\/a> ibid., pg 62<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref11\" id=\"_edn11\">[11]<\/a> ibid., pg 60-61<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref12\" id=\"_edn12\">[12]<\/a> Quoted in ibid., pg 61<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref13\" id=\"_edn13\">[13]<\/a> ibid., pg 62<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref14\" id=\"_edn14\">[14]<\/a> ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref15\" id=\"_edn15\">[15]<\/a> Die Bundesordnung der oberschw\u00e4bischen Bauernhaufen\u2019, Dokumente aus dem Bauernkrieg, Reclam, 1983, pg 88, our translation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref16\" id=\"_edn16\">[16]<\/a> Die Kriegsordnung der fr\u00e4nkischen Bauern zu Ochsenfurt\u2019, Dokumente aus dem Bauernkrieg, Reclam, 1983, pg 115, our translation\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref17\" id=\"_edn17\">[17]<\/a> F Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1927, pg 160<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref18\" id=\"_edn18\">[18]<\/a> ibid., pg 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref19\" id=\"_edn19\">[19]<\/a> ibid., pg 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref20\" id=\"_edn20\">[20]<\/a> Quoted in ibid., pg 65<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref21\" id=\"_edn21\">[21]<\/a> Quoted in ibid., pg 68<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref22\" id=\"_edn22\">[22]<\/a> ibid., pg 67<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref23\" id=\"_edn23\">[23]<\/a> ibid., pg 72<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref24\" id=\"_edn24\">[24]<\/a> ibid., pg 135<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref25\" id=\"_edn25\">[25]<\/a> ibid., pg 66<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref26\" id=\"_edn26\">[26]<\/a> F. Engels, \u2018Introduction to the English edition of Socialism: Utopian and Scientific\u2019, Marx &amp; Engels Collected Works, Volume 27, Lawrence &amp; Wishart, London, 1990, pg 290<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 500 \u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1524-1526). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062e. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648-\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1525 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627. [\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 50 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":253,"featured_media":10829,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,403],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-germany","category-403"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10827","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/253"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10827"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10827\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10839,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10827\/revisions\/10839"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10827"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10827"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10827"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}