{"id":10517,"date":"2026-01-21T11:33:48","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T11:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=10517"},"modified":"2026-01-21T11:33:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T11:33:54","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%88%d8%af-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=10517","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 <strong>\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062b <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IDOM-arabic-48.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 48 \u0645\u0646&nbsp; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629&nbsp;&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.]\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-red-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-vivid-red-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7e4ac651328708ea719ac0894fa30934\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2551\" height=\"1701\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10518\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629: NGC 3627\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=8919\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipr.northwestern.edu\/news\/2024\/an-existential-crisis-for-science.html\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u201d<a href=\"#_edn1\" id=\"_ednref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a (Meta-analysis) \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-05543-x\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 Nature<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u201c\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u201d<a href=\"#_edn2\" id=\"_ednref2\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn3\" id=\"_ednref3\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u201c\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<a href=\"#_edn4\" id=\"_ednref4\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 <em>Nature<\/em> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646: &#8220;\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn5\" id=\"_ednref5\"><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/articles?id=10.1257\/aer.20180338\">\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2020<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u201c\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a: \u0623\u062c\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn6\" id=\"_ednref6\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2013\/10\/18\/trouble-at-the-lab\">\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg25433810-400-the-replication-crisis-has-spread-through-science-can-it-be-fixed\/\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u201d (The replication crisis) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/533452a\">\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1500 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70% \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u201d<a href=\"#_edn7\" id=\"_ednref7\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a>. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/483531a\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrd3439-c1\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 11% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 25% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627<a href=\"#_edn8\" id=\"_ednref8\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/a>\u060c<a href=\"#_edn9\" id=\"_ednref9\"><strong>[9]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2024\/feb\/03\/the-situation-has-become-appalling-fake-scientific-papers-push-research-credibility-to-crisis-point\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a<\/a> \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10000 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627<a href=\"#_edn10\" id=\"_ednref10\"><strong>[10]<\/strong><\/a>. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-023-03974-8\">\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f<\/a>\u201d<a href=\"#_edn11\" id=\"_ednref11\"><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/a> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/science-and-technology\/2024\/06\/26\/at-least-10-of-research-may-already-be-co-authored-by-ai\">\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u201d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 -\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639- \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/the-big-bang-shoehorning-the-facts-to-fit-the-theory.htm\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u201d<\/a> (standard model) \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629\u201d \u0648\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=7548\">\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a> \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2023\/feb\/22\/universe-breakers-james-webb-telescope-detects-six-ancient-galaxies\">\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 [\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a] \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn12\" id=\"_ednref12\"><strong>[12]<\/strong><\/a>. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-022-02056-5\"><em>Natur<\/em><\/a><em>e<\/em>: &#8220;\u0623\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn13\" id=\"_ednref13\"><strong>[13]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spaceandmotion.com\/cosmology\/lerner-big-bang-never-happened.htm\">\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647: &#8220;\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn14\" id=\"_ednref14\"><strong>[14]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/8SWy0ys2WJU\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=7506\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 New Scientist<\/a> \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 -\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647- \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u061f\u201d \u0648\u201c\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u061f\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u061f \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8c3bc51c4c4186ecb4c801d2285cc6e7\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0647\u0648: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 -\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a- \u064a\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c. \u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u201d \u201c\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641: &#8220;\u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 [&#8230;]\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn15\" id=\"_ednref15\"><strong>[15]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1538\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10520\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 (1795)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0643<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-abf597d7ec288b97e5fd535d538bfd91\"><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627. \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a (quantum scale) \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=8328\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/arabic\/archive\/marx\/1877\/anti-doring.pdf\">\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u201c\u0636\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u201d<\/a> \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn16\" id=\"_ednref16\"><strong>[16]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1908\/mec\/two5.htm\"><strong>\u201c<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u201d<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn17\" id=\"_ednref17\"><strong>[17]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201d \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=6100\">\u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn18\" id=\"_ednref18\"><strong>[18]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u201c\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u201d \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u201d \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn19\" id=\"_ednref19\"><strong>[19]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-413e1f852f6610b8c079784e75603b70\"><strong>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1883\/don\/ch07c.htm\">\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627&#8221;. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641: &#8220;\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn20\" id=\"_ednref20\"><strong>[20]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10519\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a.\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: NASA\/MSFC\/\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0645<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u201c\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u201d. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u201d (\u2018Paradigm\u2019) \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646: \u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn21\" id=\"_ednref21\"><strong>[21]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u201d\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn22\" id=\"_ednref22\"><strong>[22]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u201c\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u201c\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645!\u201d. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn23\" id=\"_ednref23\"><strong>[23]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627\u201d -\u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627-\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u201d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f [&#8230;] \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn24\" id=\"_ednref24\"><strong>[24]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u201d- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u201d<a href=\"#_edn25\" id=\"_ednref25\"><strong>[25]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 200 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647: &#8220;\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u201c\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0621\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1970\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10521\" style=\"width:400px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1921\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646: &#8220;\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn26\" id=\"_ednref26\"><strong>[26]<\/strong><\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 [&#8230;] \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn27\" id=\"_ednref27\"><strong>[27]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn28\" id=\"_ednref28\"><strong>[28]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-990c43de2e7cff5fa0f219009fe22479\"><strong>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644: &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn29\" id=\"_ednref29\"><strong>[29]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn30\" id=\"_ednref30\"><strong>[30]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Paradigm shifts) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 &#8211; \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0634\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 <em>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium<\/em> (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636)\u060c \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u201d (Epicycles)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0629\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631\u201d \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (Cosmology) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b52b5abf8c00f2ef77c709d338fd9276\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn31\" id=\"_ednref31\"><strong>[31]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a- \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1660\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10522\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1660 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u062e\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 (Mysticism) \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647: &#8220;\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn32\" id=\"_ednref32\"><strong>[32]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (New paradigms) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u201d \u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 -\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642- \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a7971035f0128edfae69f65cf2473b4d\"><strong>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0632\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 -\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u200b\u200b\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u201d. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 -\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629- \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/britain-counter-covid-conspiracies-with-class-struggle.htm\">\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0645\u0626\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0c21481572084414cc3d8400a8ea78f1\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2016\/7\/14\/12016710\/science-challeges-research-funding-peer-review-process\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u201d<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 -\u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0640\u201c\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629\u201d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u201c\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a -\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/?p=5062\">\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/68ab4ed3-2f9a-4d0d-a23e-59db2555e1b0\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632<\/a> \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0645 45 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c-\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn33\" id=\"_ednref33\"><strong>[33]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u201d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/fight-imperialism-and-war-workers-of-the-world-unite-rci-statement.htm\">\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u061b <a href=\"https:\/\/communist.red\/down-with-imperialism-no-to-militarism-for-books-not-bombs\/\">\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a536f98b064ec01b7040002ab9db6cf8\"><strong>\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/article\/2024\/jul\/16\/academic-journal-publishers-universities-price-subscriptions\">\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/a>. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u201d \u2013\u0625\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631 (Elsevier) \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a (Wiley) \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 (Taylor &amp; Francis) \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631 (Springer Nature) \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062c (SAGE)- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 40%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 (Peer-review). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d -\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u201d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.15884\">\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u201c\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk\/~bdj10\/archivefreedom\/main.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/a> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0645\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wanpengtan.com\/2021\/05\/15\/is-arxiv-a-monopoly-bully-in-scientific-publication\/\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u062a\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature.2016.19267\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 arXiv.org: &#8220;\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a ArXiv \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629)&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn34\" id=\"_ednref34\"><strong>[34]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10523\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 DZero \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628 (Fermilab) \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43b693b696332cb58a95ac616bb6ae71\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 <\/strong>\u201c<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635<\/strong>\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0643\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639: \u0643\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646\u201d \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u201d \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/trotsky\/1925\/09\/science.htm\">\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/a> \u0641\u0625\u0646: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u0627! \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u063a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0644&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn35\" id=\"_ednref35\"><strong>[35]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a -\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a\u201d- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/more-universe-dimensions-for-string-theory.html\">\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/uk0QkyFSEUc\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643) \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d23b7e0745897bfca7f2b45c92a61833\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 -\u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627- (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u201d\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 -\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644- \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u061b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u201d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1913\/mar\/x01.htm\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a>: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0630\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn36\" id=\"_ednref36\"><strong>[36]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/arabic\/archive\/marx\/1845\/the-german-ideology.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0645: \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn37\" id=\"_ednref37\"><strong>[37]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627. \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 -\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629- \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/marxist.com\/quantum-mechanics-on-the-cusp-of-scientific-revolution.htm\">\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645<\/a>\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1922\/mar\/12.htm\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 &#8220;\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn38\" id=\"_ednref38\"><strong>[38]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1238\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10524\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0641 &#8211; \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 &#8211; \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a.\/\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9b39a37cc821b59218de5c30018dd9f8\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 -\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645- \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 -\u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/communist.red\/neu-strikes-no-compromises-coordinated-action\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/communist.red\/ballot-launched-in-fe-colleges-time-to-fight-back\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/communist.red\/ucu-strikes-the-battle-begins-but-how-to-win-the-war\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuj.org.uk\/resource\/journalists-at-springer-nature-titles-set-to-strike-over-pay.html\">\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/arabic\/archive\/marx\/1848-cm\/index.htm\">\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633<\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u062c\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn39\" id=\"_ednref39\"><strong>[39]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxist.com\/preface-engels-nature-wellred.htm\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IDOM-arabic-48.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1248\" height=\"1751\" src=\"https:\/\/marxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/IDOM-48-red-wedge-arab.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9716\" style=\"width:400px\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 -\u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639- \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0637\u0634 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 -\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646- \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/marxist.com\/the-crisis-in-science-progress-stagnation-and-revolution.htm\">The crisis in science: progress, stagnation, and revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-red-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-vivid-red-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84283dd446f31d861a0bb5be0371faac\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" id=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> An Existential Crisis\u2019 for Science\u2019, <em>Institute for Policy Research<\/em>, 28 February, 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\" id=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> M Park, E Leahey, R J Funk, \u2018Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, No. 613, 2023, pg 138-144<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref3\" id=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\" id=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref5\" id=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref6\" id=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> N Bloom et al., \u2018Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?\u2019, American Economic Review, Vol. 110, No. 4, 2020, pg 1104-1144<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref7\" id=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> M Baker, \u20181,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, No. 533, 2016, pg 452<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref8\" id=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> C G Begley, L M Ellis, \u2018Raise standards for preclinical cancer research\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, No. 483, 2012, pg 531<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref9\" id=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a> F Prinz, T Schlange, K Asadullah, \u2018Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?\u2019, <em>Nature Reviews Drug Discovery<\/em>, No. 10, 2011, pg 712<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref10\" id=\"_edn10\">[10]<\/a> R McKie, \u2018\u2018The situation has become appalling\u2019: fake scientific papers push research credibility to crisis point\u2019, <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 3 February, 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref11\" id=\"_edn11\">[11]<\/a> R Van Noorden, \u2018More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 \u2014 a new record\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, No. 624, 2023, pg 479<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref12\" id=\"_edn12\">[12]<\/a> H Devlin, \u2018James Webb telescope detects evidence of ancient \u2018universe breaker\u2019 galaxies\u2019, <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 22 February 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref13\" id=\"_edn13\">[13]<\/a> A Witze, \u2018Four revelations from the Webb telescope about distant galaxies\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, No. 608, 2022, pg 18-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref14\" id=\"_edn14\">[14]<\/a> E Lerner, <em>The Big Bang Never Happened<\/em>, Simon and Schuster, 1991, pg 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref15\" id=\"_edn15\">[15]<\/a> J D Bernal, <em>Science in History<\/em>, Watts and Co., 1954, pg 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref16\" id=\"_edn16\">[16]<\/a> F Engels, <em>Anti-D\u00fchring<\/em>, Wellred Books, 2017, pg 50<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref17\" id=\"_edn17\">[17]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>. pg 105<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref18\" id=\"_edn18\">[18]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>. pg 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref19\" id=\"_edn19\">[19]<\/a> F Engels, \u2018Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy\u2019, <em>Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works<\/em>, Vol. 26, Progress Publishers, 1990, pg 359<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref20\" id=\"_edn20\">[20]<\/a> F Engels, \u2018Dialectics of Nature\u2019, <em>Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works<\/em>, Vol. 25, Progress Publishers, 1987, pg 520<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref21\" id=\"_edn21\">[21]<\/a> T Kuhn, <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/em>, Fourth Edition, University of Chicago Press, 2012, pg 24<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref22\" id=\"_edn22\">[22]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>. pg 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref23\" id=\"_edn23\">[23]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>, pg 52<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref24\" id=\"_edn24\">[24]<\/a> <em>Ibid<\/em>, pg 93-94<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref25\" id=\"_edn25\">[25]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref26\" id=\"_edn26\">[26]<\/a> J D Bernal, <em>Science in History<\/em>, Watts and Co., 1954, pg 28<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref27\" id=\"_edn27\">[27]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref28\" id=\"_edn28\">[28]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>. pg 29<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref29\" id=\"_edn29\">[29]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>. pg x<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref30\" id=\"_edn30\">[30]<\/a> <em>ibid<\/em>, pg 23<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref31\" id=\"_edn31\">[31]<\/a> F Engels, <em>Anti-D\u00fchring<\/em>, Wellred Books, 2017, pg 31<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref32\" id=\"_edn32\">[32]<\/a> J D Bernal, <em>The Social Function of Science<\/em>, Routledge and Sons, 1946, pg 27<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref33\" id=\"_edn33\">[33]<\/a> M Peel, E Olcott, \u2018China-US tensions erode co-operation on science and tech\u2019, <em>Financial Times<\/em>, 19 August, 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref34\" id=\"_edn34\">[34]<\/a> W Tan, \u2018Is arXiv a monopoly bully in scientific publication?\u2019, <em>Perfectly Imperfect Mirrors<\/em>, 15 May, 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref35\" id=\"_edn35\">[35]<\/a> L Trotsky, \u2018Dialectical Materialism and Science\u2019, <em>The New International<\/em>, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1940, pg 31<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref36\" id=\"_edn36\">[36]<\/a> V I Lenin, \u2018The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism\u2019, <em>Lenin Collected Works<\/em>, Vol. 19, Progress Publishers, 1977, pg 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref37\" id=\"_edn37\">[37]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, <em>The German Ideology<\/em>, Progress Publishers, 1976, pg 67<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref38\" id=\"_edn38\">[38]<\/a> V I Lenin, \u2018On the Significance of Militant Materialism\u2019, <em>Lenin Collected Works<\/em>, Vol. 33. Progress Publishers, 1966, pg 228<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"#_ednref39\" id=\"_edn39\">[39]<\/a> K Marx, F Engels, \u2018The Communist Manifesto\u2019, <em>The Classics of Marxism<\/em>, Vol. 1, Wellred Books, 2013, pg 5-6<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. [\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 48 \u0645\u0646&nbsp; \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629&nbsp;&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":10518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-philo-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10517","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10517"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10525,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10517\/revisions\/10525"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10518"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marxy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}